One time, many, many years ago, on a pretty bad Windows XP laptop, after I had booted up the SRB2JTE mod (in software rendering mode), I was greeted to that "SuperVirus" title screen thingie. Obviously, being little and such, I just tried to close the game... but when I did that (using Alt+F4 or the task manager or something), the rest of the computer had really weird colours. I don't remember much of the colour scheme other than the green stuff around the bottom-left Windows logo thingie being magenta instead, but it went back to normal after rebooting the laptop, and it only ever happened once, and had no negative consequences at all afterwards. (Also, the "SuperVirus" is just a kind of joke that's in SRB2JTE, it's not a computer virus at all, and not in vanilla (un-modded) SRB2.)
As for SRB2 bringing actual harmful stuff to your computer... Not unless you got it from some shady site that bundled it with something bad. SRB2 does not contain viruses or malware or anything along those lines at all by default, and I say this as someone who has played SRB2 since before version 2.0.0 was released and still plays it once in a while in up-to-date versions.
TL;DR: No, SRB2 is 100% safe for your computer.